Canine Psychology for Service Dogs

As in all specific professions, trades, businesses, and sporting events a
vocabulary exists to assist in communicating efficiently among those
individuals engaging in the same activity. Service Dog training and
Deployment also have a similar approach to canine psychology. The terms and
definitions provided within this program are not intended to be a
scientifically valid treatise on the behavior of all canines. The terms used
are in place to facilitate the communication between handlers, instructors,
and judges about the characteristics a dog displays, strengths, weaknesses,
and training needs of the Service Dog. During the course of a Service Dog
Handler’s career many differing terms will be used by other handlers who
have received education from various agencies and backgrounds. It will be
best if the handler when in doubt asks for a definition of the terms being
used so as to avoid confusion/misunderstanding. When trying to communicate
about a dog's behavior it will always be more accurate to describe the
physical behavior than to assign a name to that behavior. Example; the dog
raised his head in the air from downwind of the perpetrators location
showing an increase in excitement vs. the terminology of wind scenting. This
approach is much more cumbersome but quite accurate.



In Service Dog circles much of the information shared about canine behavior
comes from a popular European sport called Schutzhund. Many of the Service
Dogs come from this background which provides a wonderful developmental
process which can lead to selection as a Service Dog. Schutzhund is NOT a
Service Dog training program or technique. Schutzhund is a breeding
selection test as well as a competitive sport. Its training approach is
narrow in its application to facilitate high scores and passing
performances. From this background comes a vocabulary about behavior which
describes the dogs behaviors in a narrow context pertaining to the training
for the sport of schutzhund. Often the only named behaviors from individuals
versed in this sport are defense (defending ones self from a threat), prey
(desire to pursue and grab onto), avoidance (any behavior brought about by
stresses the dog encounters during training), and sometimes fight (desire to
do combat). This approach is suited to the sport of schutzhund and is all
encompassing of canine behaviors as they relate to the training in the
protection phase of schutzhund. In Service Dogs as it is applied in this
curriculum specific behaviors are broken down into smaller components to
assist in communicating and training in all phases of the Service Dog. This
vocabulary is specific to the training of Service Dogs and is not meant to
apply to all situations and training encountered among dog fanciers.



Often the term drive is substituted to mean an amount or type of behavior
exhibited by a dog. For example; this dog has a lot of prey drive, meaning
that it shows pursuing, grasping behaviors at a high frequency and that it
performs these behaviors with little inhibition. In classical psychology the
term drive is antiquated but it suffices to help describe behaviors
adequately enough for the purpose of Service Dog training and deployment.
Drives often become arbitrary divisions of a canine’s behaviors since seldom
does one behavioral trait exist without the influence of another upon that
behavior. We often speak of the drive as being the behavioral trait of
consideration within a particular training scenario. An example of this
would be a dog showing highly submissive (subordinate drive) behaviors while
being trained in obedience. Excessive subordinate behaviors detract from the
performance therefore the handler must recognize this attribute in his
canine and adapt the training guidelines to seek a better performance. In
this approach the use of terminology ascribing behaviors to drives is useful
if not wholly accurate from a behavioral psychology standpoint.



The following behavioral terminology will become a working vocabulary for
the Service Dog Personnel. A strong knowledge of the behaviors expressed by
a canine will facilitate the overall performance of the team in all phases
of the training and deployment of the Service Dog. The totality of the
drives and traits will determine the overall character of the Service Dog
each of which is somewhat unique even within the range of acceptability for
use as Service Dogs.



A. Self-Preservation Instinct. This represents the genetically based
behaviors associated with surviving to procreate. It has been said that all
behaviors displayed by any living thing relate to survivability. Certainly
this must be true of wild animals. These same behaviors that were once in
use to survive and pass the genes of ones self into the next generation have
been modified through selective breeding during domestication to fulfill
mans’ purpose instead of the intended purposes of these behaviors.



B. Species-Preservation Instinct. The survival of the species was a concept
propagated by early behaviorists such as Konrad Lorenze. It hypothesizes
that there are altruistic behaviors among species, which are in state to
provide for the propagation of the population as awhile. Still held as true
by some few behaviorists it is generally been viewed as misinterpretation of
behaviors and that true altruistic acts are generally not in existence
except as artifacts and aberrations.



C. Hunting Drive. This group of behaviors can be observed when a dog, while
meandering through a field locates a small rodent. It will use all of its
senses to find the exact location of the rodent. It will listen and use its
nose in numerous manners to find the rodent and it will look to see if it
can catch a bit of movement. This type of behavior when exhibited in the
context of Service Dog training is desirable. The greater the intensity of
the behavior and the frequency it is displayed the better.



D. Prey Drive. This behavior is the desire to chase grasp and vanquish an
item viewed by the Service Dog as a prey item. In the wild these items are
normally food-related animals. Since this desire is diminished through
training/experience it is normally seen in the Service Dog as an expression
of the behavior in relation to non-prey items such as the ball, narcotics
toys, protection equipment, etc. This behavior is used as a foundation
training program in the protection phase of most sport dogs teaching them to
grip and win in the low stress environment of prey prior to having the
seriousness of fighting and self defense instilled in the work. The dog
while strongly focused in this behavior will display a tail stance of
slightly higher than the back to level with the back his ears will be erect
an attentive and his overall appearance will be of a happy but intense
demeanor. The seriousness of prey behavior should not be underemphasized in
a wild canid this is life and death. Strong prey behaviors are important to
the Service Dog in that detector dog work is rooted in these behaviors. It
also appears that foundations for the apprehension work in young dogs is
best approached through their prey behaviors to foster later abilities when
other drives are brought into play.



E. Retrieve Drive. Originally a necessary attribute associated with
returning prey items to the pack and/or pack leader. In the modern wolf this
is seen most strongly in the returning of items to the den for consumption
by the wolf left as a baby-sitter and the cubs. In the Service Dog this is
observed when the dog returns with an artificial prey item such as a ball or
drug toy to the handler. In the detection work retrieving is a good
attribute and can facilitate other areas of training particularly when using
inducements (see training section and definition of inducements in this
section).



F. Air Scent Drive. This is the desire to use wind born odors to locate an
item of interest. In the stray/feral dog it is common to see these animals
testing the wind for food scraps left in a parking lot, smelling other dogs
which are downwind to determine a threat etc. In the Service Dog this is
utilized considerably in the field searching and wind scenting techniques.
In tracking we attempt to diminish this behavior to keep the dog focused on
the disturbance created as the suspect passed.



G. Tracking Drive. This behavior is the desire to follow a ground
disturbance by smelling the passage (footsteps) created by a suspect or in
the case of a wild dog the passage of a deer or rabbit. In Service Dog
training we propagate this behavior through training the dog to follow
footstep to footstep along a track. Often this desire is seen in conjunction
with Air Scent Drive and Hunting Drive in the trailing type of dog. Often
the dog allowed to follow his own designs in following a suspect will
display all these drives and might be coined a wild tracker as this is the
technique that a wild canid would use to locate potential game.



H. Rank Drive. Since the dog is a pack animal a position in the structure of
the pack is important to the dog. The dog, which desires to be the primary
animal within the pack structure, is said to be "rank". This animal when
seen in the extreme has difficulty accepting a position in the structure of
the pack and continually challenges his handler for the dominant position.
This behavior in the extreme is quite undesirable in the Service Dog.



I. Subordinate Drive. This is the flip side of rank drive. The subordinate
dog is willing to accept a position in the structure of the pack. In the
extreme this behavior has the dog attempting to show it’s subordinate
position to all potential pack members and is undesirable in the extreme.
The Service Dog should be comfortable with accepting a position within the
pack from a well-established pack leader.



J. Pack Drive. Social contact is the hallmark of pack existence for the
canid. The dog who is continually seeking that contact is said to be a
highly pack driven dog. An example of a highly pack driven Service Dog is
one which during a field search on it’s own accord, continually checks back
with the handler then returns to searching.



K. Play Drive. Often confused with pack drive play drive is the desire to
have PHYSICAL contact with a member of the pack structure. The dog that
continually brushes against its handler, jumps up on him, and solicits the
same from the handler is said to have strong or high play drive. This is a
very favorable attribute within the Service Dog.



L. Activity Drive. A dog that is physically active is said to be displaying
activity drive. It is important that this not be confused with abnormal
behaviors such as what is often described as hyperactive due to a dogs poor
nervous system causing stress or intention movements caused by environmental
factors (intention movements are seen often in caged animals at the zoo,
they pace or run mindlessly to supplant the natural behaviors they would
normally display, this is the reason that zoo’s have gone to natural
environments for displaying wild animals. In the domestic dogs these
behaviors are most commonly seen in the kennel reared unsocialized dogs.).



M. Fight Drive. Often called combat drive this is the desire the Service Dog
has to measure himself against an opponent. Much like a lineman measures
himself against the opponent's match for himself. The desire to do combat is
NOT a vicious behavior. It is the desire to do combat on behalf of the pack
leader that makes up much of the function in apprehension exercises. A
moderately high to high "Fight Drive" is desirable in the Service Dog.



N. Guard Drive. This is the compulsion the individual dog feels to guard
deter intrusion into his perceived territory by growling barking and biting.
The layman often mistakenly views this as a protective behavior and
interprets the dog displaying high levels of guard behaviors as an excellent
Service Dog. In reality this type of dog who is driven highly through this
drive is usually a poor candidate for service work. This type of dog is
often associated with guard dog work such as is found in car lots,
construction sites etc.



O. Protection Drive. This is the desire to defend the handler (pack or pack
leader) from a perceived threat. Often this can be seen in the well
socialized dog as vigilance to strangers. In its extreme the dog may prevent
contact between handler and strangers through soliciting a fight or guard
behaviors.



P. Survival Drive. All animals display behaviors designed to protect the dog
from a threat. Using broad definitions these categories are fight or flight
behaviors. In the physiological sense of the term the animal will secrete
adrenaline increasing blood flow to the muscles, heart rate increases, as
well as blood being shunted from the digestive tract and associated organs.
Behaviorally the animal will display a host of possible behaviors. The
common behavior for wild canids is to flee unless forced to defend itself.
The posture of the coyote when startled at a trash heap is classic. It will
tuck its tail into a low position, drop it’s ears and head and run as fast
as possible to escape the perceived threat. If this animal were to be
cornered it would maintain the low tail set, dropped ears and head but snarl
and display hackles presenting as fearsome a front and as large size as it
can muster. It must be kept in mind that the animal displaying this behavior
is looking for a solution to what it sees as a life/death situation. If
forced to bite in this situation the recipient of the bite will be bitten
hard, frontally, and the animal will be looking for the opportunity to flee.
Survival behaviors in the Service Dog occur occasionally but always warrant
concern. The educated Service Dog handler/instructor will always prevent the
dog from flight through one of several techniques in the apprehension work
not allowing this behavior to propagate in the Service Dog. Selection
testing the Service Dog always focuses on selecting against the dog
displaying this type of behavior. The term avoidance is also used to
describe behavior associated with survival drive as well as crisis point and
feral tendencies.



Q. Trainability. The domestic Service Dog is bred for trainability.
Displaying this trait variably Service Dogs are said to have this character
trait in degrees. The highly trainable dog quickly learns skills presented
by the handler. The highly trainable dog can often be seen attempting old
skills to gain the favor of the handler. An example is a Service Dog while
the handler is conversing with a subject sits in front, if he gets no
response then he goes to heel position, if this still does not gain the
favor of the handler he then jumps on the handler or nudges him. This is a
very desirable trait in a Service Dog.



R. Hardness vs. Softness. These terms are used to represent the response to
a stressful situation. Since the Service Dog will be exposed to stress
throughout training and its career its response to stress is of concern. The
dog who has great resiliency and/or recovery to a stressful experience is
said to be a hard dog. The dog that recovers slowly or not at all is said to
be soft. Often the term hard is used to describe the high fight drive dog or
the dog with low trainability in the context of apprehension work. The dog
that carries low courage/fight drive is often called a soft dog. Though
these traits are interconnected they will be viewed separately for our
purposes. The handler should recognize that these terms have different
meanings among the Service Dog community.



S. Courage. This trait is the absence of fear in the face of a threat. This
trait is related to the expression of fight drive and the lack of survival
behaviors in the Service Dog.



T. Confidence. The dog can have his level of confidence raised through
repeated experiences, which are kept positive and successful. It must be
noted that confidence building can leave the dog in a precarious position.
In a given situation a dog may have had repeated good experiences even
though the dog was concerned about the performance of the skill. A bad
experience will place the dog back at the beginning needing to rebuild the
skill. Also, confidence may not be transferable. An example is a SchH Dog
who cannot perform away from its training field but performs reasonable well
on the training field.



U. Fear. This character trait is related to the reaction to a perceived
threat. Obviously related to survival drive, hardness vs. softness, and the
lack of fight drive.



V. Moodiness. This is inconsistent behavior on the part of the Service Dog.
It is undesirable in the Service Dog.



W. Sharpness. Propensity to react to a given situation with aggression. This
is also called a low threshold. Normally the dog displaying sharpness reacts
with survival behaviors or guard behaviors. Occasionally it can be seen as
protective behaviors as well.



X. Aggression. Unwarranted vicious behavior. This term is often used by the
layman to describe any behavior involving apprehension, guard, survival
drive etc. In Service Dog training this term is of limited use.



Y. Temperament. This character trait refers to the totality of the dog.
Often called temperament and character it is the compilation of drives,
character traits, and the environmental effects on the dog. The dog is
either said to have full temperament; a robust attitude towards his
environment and life or to have poor temperament meaning either a glaring
flaw in character traits or simply very little attitude towards the
environment and life. The severely poor temperament dog has been said to
have a problem with its life.



AA. Feral tendency. The propensity of the Service Dog to revert to the state
of the wild dog.



BB. Sensory threshold. The amount of stimulation necessary to illicit a
response from the Service Dog. The Service Dog can be viewed as a container
that is full to varying degrees. When events occur it adds to the level
causing the container to overflow the overflow are the behaviors, which have
been either trained or are genetically available to the dog.



CC. Dog fight tendency. This undesirable behavior is the dog's propensity to
seek a fight with another dog.



DD. Distractibility. The propensity to loose focus on a given task.



EE. Agility. The totality of speed, coordination, strength, and general
physical prowess.



FF. Hardiness. Canines have a genetic propensity for good or poor muscle
tone, the ability to withstand physical activity, and general health.



GG. Physical Endurance. Just as some people have naturally high endurance
this trait can be identified in the canine as well.



HH. Pleasure vs. Pain. Though not a trait or drive this refers to the limits
with which a canine can understand a given situation. This limited reasoning
by dogs is useful in training the Service Dog as it allows for reliability
as simplicity in the training.



II. Inducement (coercion) vs. Compulsion. In training the dog two approaches
and a combination of both approaches are used. In inducement the dog is
enticed into a behavior and receives something it finds desirable as a
result. In compulsion the dog is made uncomfortable during all behaviors
except the expected behavior. Normally a combination of the above is used to
produce a willing and happy Service Dog which is reliable in the varied
environments encountered in law enforcement. During the course of training
successful inducements as well as useful techniques for compulsion will be
explored and tailored to each Service Dog.



JJ. Crisis Point. In this group of observable behaviors the stress, either
physical, mental or a combination of both, cause the feral tendencies in a
dog to conflict with trainability. Often coined avoidance behaviors the
training must work to reduce the frequency of these episodes to provide
reliability in the Service Dog.







In utilizing the above definitions for selecting, training, and maintaining
the Service Dog it is best to keep in mind that they are simply shorthand
for describing the behaviors the dogs display. There are numerous other
vocabularies, which do the same thing. The potential Service Dog handler
throughout training must also keep in mind some rules of thumb while working
with his Service Dog. One important concept is that dogs do not understand
language in the sense which humans do. Voice inflection is extremely
important in your working relationship with your dog. The dog must
understand several voice tones which can be categorized as; A) Command
tones, where the handler is authoritative yet unemotional, B) Praise Tone,
where the handler’s voice is happy, proud, and pleasing t the dog, C)
Corrective Tone, in which the handler’s stern voice indicates obvious
displeasure to the dog, D) Permissive Tone, where the handler gently
reinforces the dog..."that’s good, your right"... E) Alert or enticing Tone,
where the handler instills a sense of excitement or suspense in the dog.
During the course of working with the dog the handler must consciously
categorize these voice inflections for the dog to provide communication and
useful dialogue. Another important area which is all too often under
emphasized by handlers is that praise must come in amounts far above the
amount of correction. It is the handler's responsibility to praise the dog
for correctness at a rate of at least five to one above the rate of applying
compulsion. The dog must feel good about his performance to become happy and
reliable and to have the necessary trusting working relationship. No one
likes a boss who rides him or her for their errors without recognizing their
successes. Since the only pay that a Service Dog obtains is through the
relationship it holds with its handler this becomes very critical. To obtain
a sparkling performance, safety on the street, and enjoyment in the
handler’s role in his department this is imperative. The handler must treat
his Service Dog as a partner, equal, and companion so that the Service Dog
can accept the need for the handler's authority during the work. When a
command is initiated the handler must assert himself strongly and
completely. The Service Dog, due to the limits of its ability to reason,
must believe that to disobey a known command by his handler is to die.
Failure to perform a known task on the first command causes the handler to
firmly enforce the given command. It must be noted that the dog must first
completely understand the command!!! To be able to maintain this level of
compliance the relationship must be correct between the handler and dog.



The canine's ability to learn is based on its genetic makeup as well as
environmental influences during it’s rearing. As well the skill with which
training techniques are applied by the handler and training decoys will
determine the dogs ability to learn and the proficiency level obtained. The
handler should understand that training with inducements is the quickest and
most permanent method to train a new skill. The most happy and flashy
performance will be obtained through inducement. To provide reliability to a
skill compulsion becomes a necessity in the Service Dog. A balance must be
struck between compulsion and inducement to provide the best overall Service
Dog performance. This balance varies from dog to dog but also relies on the
skill of the handler to make the training issues clear, provide consistency
in the training as well as a great enough frequency to maintain the skills.
A temper among Service Dog handlers is never a good training tool. All work
must come from design not temper flare ups by the handler. If the Service
Dog handler allows his temper to interfere with the training, maintenance,
and deployment of his Service Dog the teams performance will never achieve
it’s potential level of expertise.